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The experimental notebooks of Audrey M. Roy Greenfeld. This website and all its notebooks are open-source at github.com/audreyfeldroy/audrey.feldroy.com

# How I Fixed CSS Scope Leakage in Pygments Syntax Highlighting

by Audrey M. Roy Greenfeld | Fri, Dec 27, 2024

This notebook shows how to: * Get and use Pygments styles programmatically * Extract and display the source code from Python functions * Apply different Pygments syntax highlighting to different cells of the same notebook with proper CSS scoping * Use Pygments-highlighted code in a FastHTML FastTag

from execnb.nbio import *
from fastcore.all import *
from fasthtml.common import *
from inspect import getsource
from IPython.display import display, HTML
import pygments
from pygments import highlight
from pygments.lexers import PythonLexer
from pygments.formatters import HtmlFormatter

Pygments Styles

I was getting all Pygments styles the hard way in my previous notebooks. There's a method for getting the highlight style names via Python:

styles = L(pygments.styles.get_all_styles())
print(styles)

Inspect and `getsource`

Let's grab a function to highlight. How about read_nb from execnb:

rn = getsource(read_nb)
rn

We have to print it to see it nicely:

print(rn)

Pygments `highlight`

As in previous posts, we call highlight to highlight a Python code block like this:

h = highlight(rn, PythonLexer(), HtmlFormatter(style='tango'))
h

Then to display that in a notebook:

HTML(h)

Highlighting Code In-Notebook

Putting highlight and HTML into a function together, building up from above:

def show(c): return HTML(highlight(c, PythonLexer(), HtmlFormatter(style='tango')))

show(rn)

Function Getting Its Own Source

To get some source code to highlight without having to read a notebook:

def get_myself(): return getsource(get_myself)

get_myself()

Function Highlighting Itself

Putting together highlight, HTML, and getsource:

def show(c=None): 
    if not c: c = getsource(show)
    return HTML(highlight(c, PythonLexer(), HtmlFormatter(style='tango')))

show()

Adding a `style` Arg

I wanted to show my code with a particular Pygments style:

def show(c=None, style='tango'): 
    if not c: c = getsource(show)
    return HTML(highlight(c, PythonLexer(), HtmlFormatter(style=style)))

show(style='zenburn')

Something's not right here. That showed no colors.

Understanding Pygments Style Defs

In Pygments, style defs are CSS style definitions:

sd = HtmlFormatter(style='zenburn').get_style_defs()
sd[:200]

s = L(sd.splitlines())
s

s[0]

s[6]

s[10]

Looking at Hex Colors With FastTags

In style zenburn, comments are colored in #7f9f7f. Let's see what this looks like with a Div FastTag:

cdiv = Div('#7f9f7f', style="background-color:#7f9f7f;")
cdiv

HTML(to_xml(cdiv))

def show_color(c): return HTML(to_xml(Div(c, style=f"background-color:{c};")))

Keywords in zenburn are colored with #efdcbc:

show_color("#efdcbc")

Pygments Styles in FastHTML FastTags

Putting zenburn comment and keyword styles in a Style FastTag:

Style(s[6], s[10])

Pygments Highlighting in FastTags

Recall Pygments highlight from earlier generates a div containing pre full of span tags:

h = highlight(rn, PythonLexer(), HtmlFormatter(style='tango'))
print(h)

This is a nice string of HTML to use with FastTags. I use NotStr to make it work well with a Div FastTag:

Div(NotStr(h), id="container")

Adding style:

styled_container = Div(Style(s[6], s[10]), NotStr(h), id="container")
styled_container

To display it in-notebook here:

HTML(to_xml(styled_container))

Pygments Background Color

The Pygments get_style_defs docs say you can specify a CSS selector to prefix styles with:

sd = HtmlFormatter(style='zenburn').get_style_defs('.highlight')
sd[:500]

I see all the zenburn style defs with background colors are early on:

Style(sd[:600])

show_color("#484848")

show_color("#353535")

styled_container = Div(Style(sd), NotStr(h), id="container")
HTML(to_xml(styled_container))

Combining Everything Into `show`

Let's combine everything we've learned into a function:

def show(c=None, style='monokai'): 
    if not c: c = getsource(show)
    fm = HtmlFormatter(style=style)
    h = highlight(c, PythonLexer(), fm)
    sd = fm.get_style_defs('.highlight')
    styled_container = Div(Style(sd), NotStr(h), id="container")
    return HTML(to_xml(styled_container))

show(style='monokai')

show(style='lightbulb')

Fixing CSS Scope Leakage

Let's see if we can customize the highlight class

fm = HtmlFormatter(style='monokai')
h = highlight("print('Hi')", PythonLexer(), fm)
h

def show(c=None, style='monokai'): 
    if not c: c = getsource(show)
    fm = HtmlFormatter(style=style)
    h = highlight(c, PythonLexer(), fm)
    sd = fm.get_style_defs(f'#{style}')
    styled_container = Div(Style(sd), NotStr(h), id=style)
    return HTML(to_xml(styled_container))

show(style='monokai')

show(style='lightbulb')

The above 2 appeared to work correctly, but this didn't, so something's wrong:

show(style='paraiso-light')

print(HtmlFormatter(style='paraiso-light').get_style_defs('#paraiso-light')[:1000])

The background color is supposed to be:

show_color("#a39e9b")

I think get_style_defs('#paraiso-light') where that ID is on the parent div is too hacky here. I feel like <div class="highlight"> itself should get the ID.

print(HtmlFormatter(style='paraiso-light').get_background_style_defs('#paraiso-light')[:1000])

c = 'print("Hi")'
fm = HtmlFormatter(style='paraiso-light', cssclass='audrey')
h = highlight(c, PythonLexer(), fm)
h

def show(c=None, style='monokai'): 
    if not c: c = getsource(show)
    fm = HtmlFormatter(style=style, cssclass=style)
    h = highlight(c, PythonLexer(), fm)
    sd = fm.get_style_defs(f".{style}")
    styled_container = Div(Style(sd), NotStr(h), id=style)
    return HTML(to_xml(styled_container))

show(style='paraiso-light')

show(c="print('Hey')", style="dracula")

show(style="dracula")

show(style="gruvbox-dark")

show(style="solarized-dark")

Success! The cells above are syntax-highlighted without their CSS interfering with each other.

Summary

I've created a function for displaying Pygments syntax-highlighted code in Jupyter notebooks with properly-scoped CSS. To do this, I discovered I could:

Use Pygments' HtmlFormatter's cssclass parameter to change the name of the outer highlight div to the Pygments style name.
Use get_style_defs to scope style definitions to that name, to prevent CSS conflicts
Combine it into a tiny show function for use in future notebooks

def show(c=None, style='monokai'): 
    if not c: c = getsource(show)
    fm = HtmlFormatter(style=style, cssclass=style)
    h = highlight(c, PythonLexer(), fm)
    sd = fm.get_style_defs(f".{style}")
    styled_container = Div(Style(sd), NotStr(h), id=style)
    return HTML(to_xml(styled_container))

You can use this to show code blocks in Jupyter notebooks, allowing different Pygments syntax highlighting themes in the same notebook. All without CSS leaking between Pygments styles.